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Appendix B
Windowing
Introduction
The Distance sub-menu (page 2-10) provides for setting the cable loss and relative propaga-
tion velocity of the coaxial cable. The WINDOW key opens a menu of FFT windowing
types for the DTF calculation.
The theoretical requirement for inverse FFT is for the data to extend from zero frequency to
infinity. Side lobes appear around a discontinuity due to the fact that the spectrum is cut off
at a finite frequency. Windowing reduces the side lobes by smoothing out the sharp transi-
tions at the beginning and at the end of the frequency sweep. As the side lobes are reduced
the main lobe widens thereby reducing the resolution.
In situations where there may be a small discontinuity close to a large one, side lobe reduc-
tion windowing should be used. When distance resolution is critical windowing can be re-
duced.
Examples
The types of windowing in order of increasing side lobe reduction are: rectangular, nominal
side lobe, low side lobe, and minimum side lobe. Figures B-1 thru B-4 show examples of
the types of windowing.
B-1
F e e t
5
1 0
1 5
2 0
2 5
3 0 3 5 4 0
4 5 5 0
5 5 6 0
- 5
- 1 0
- 1 5
- 2 0
- 2 5
- 3 0
- 3 5
- 4 0
- 4 5
- 5 0
R e t u r n L o s s ( d B )
D i s t a n c e T o F a u l t
Figure B-1. Rectangular Windowing Example
- Site Master 1
- S113C, S114C 1
- S331C, and S332C 1
- Antenna, Cable and 1
- Spectrum Analyzer 1
- WARRANTY 3
- LIMITATION OF WARRANTY 3
- TRADEMARK ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 3
- Table of Contents 5
- Chapter 3 - Getting Started 6
- Chapter 6 - Power Measurement 8
- Chapter 7 - Software Tools 8
- Appendix A - Reference Data 8
- Appendix B - Windowing 8
- Chapter 1 9
- General Information 9
- Printers 10
- Optional Accessories 11
- Performance Specifications 12
- Chapter 1 General Information 13
- Preventive Maintenance 14
- Calibration 14
- Annual Verification 15
- ESD Precautions 15
- Chapter 2 17
- Functions and Operations 17
- Front Panel Overview 18
- Function Hard Keys 19
- Keypad Hard Keys 20
- Soft Keys 22
- MODE=DTF: 23
- SOFTKEYS: 23
- FREQ/DIST 23
- AMPLITUDE 23
- MODE=SPECTRUM ANALYZER: 24
- Power Monitor Menu 34
- Self Test 35
- Error Codes 35
- Description 36
- Self Test Error Messages 36
- Range Errors 37
- InstaCal Error Messages 38
- Battery Information 40
- BATTERY INDI 41
- Battery Life 42
- 2-27/2-28 43
- Chapter 3 44
- Getting Started 44
- Site Master Mode 45
- Calibration Verification 46
- Figure 3-2. Calibration Setup 47
- InstaCal Module Verification 48
- Site Master S332C 49
- Setting the Scale 50
- Auto Scale 50
- Amplitude Scale 50
- Spectrum Analyzer Mode 52
- Selecting Sweep Parameters 53
- Adjusting Attenuator Settings 54
- Save and Recall a Setup 55
- Save and Recall a Display 55
- Changing the Units 56
- Changing the Display Language 56
- Adjusting Markers 56
- Adjusting Limits 56
- Setting the System Language 58
- Setting the System Impedance 58
- Printing 59
- Printer Switch Settings 60
- Using the Soft Carrying Case 61
- Chapter 4 62
- Cable & Antenna 62
- Measurements 62
- MODE key 64
- Insertion Loss Measurement 65
- ´ Length (ft) = Loss (dB) 66
- Resolution 70
- MARKER key 71
- 4-11/4-12 72
- Chapter 5 73
- AUTO mode, as the 74
- MANUAL) mode, the 74
- AM/FM Modulation 75
- Frequency Modulation 76
- Field Strength Measurements 78
- Creating a Spectral Mask 79
- EDIT and enter the 80
- EDIT when done 80
- Trace Overlay 81
- Occupied Bandwidth 82
- Channel Power Measurement 84
- GSM Channel Power Measurement 84
- Procedure 85
- Adjacent Channel Power Ratio 87
- Measurement Applications 89
- OUT OF BANDOUT OF BAND 95
- In-band Spurious Measurement 97
- Required Equipment 97
- Field Strength 99
- Antenna Calculations 100
- 5-29/5-30 101
- Power Measurement 102
- Chapter 6 102
- Chapter 7 104
- Software Tools 104
- Installation 105
- Using Software Tools 106
- Plot Capture to the PC 107
- Plot Upload to the Instrument 107
- Plot Properties 107
- Trace Overlay or Plot Overlay 108
- Saving Traces 109
- Creating a Database 110
- Printing Formats 110
- Uploading Antenna Factors 111
- 7-9/7-10 112
- Appendix A 113
- Reference Data 113
- Appendix A Reference Data 114
- Appendix B 116
- Windowing 116
- Appendix B Windowing 117
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